The term “director” refers to various positions within the corporate structure, with the scope of their civil liability varying based on their role. Under Turkish law, persons entrusted with legal representation and/or executive powers within a company may be deemed “directors” such as:
- members of the Board of Directors in joint-stock companies,
- managers (i.e., members of the Board of Managers) in limited liability companies,
- executive directors (individuals who are not members of the management body but have been delegated executive and/or representation powers) and
- liquidation officers during a company’s liquidation process.
The primary sources of civil liability of directors (except de jure directors, such as trustee in bankruptcy process) are (i) agreements (Articles of Association for the bodies of the company and contractual relationship with the company for executive directors) and (ii) duty of care arising out of the Turkish Commercial Code (Law No. 6102) (the “TCC”). While the TCC provides the general framework for directors’ civil liability, the relevant provisions are not consolidated into a single law instead they have multiple grounds. Under Turkish legal systematic, the liability of directors arises from the source that imposes the specific obligation, and the applicable sanction is also determined by that source. For instance, directors' liability for public receivables, including tax debts, is regulated under various tax-related laws such as the Law on Collection Procedure of Public Receivables (Law No. 6183), the Tax Procedure Code (Law No. 213) and the Social Security and General Health Insurance Law (Law No. 5510). In parallel, the obligation to ensure that financial statements reflect accurate and fair information is addressed under the Capital Market Law (Law No. 6362) (the “CML”).
Directors are liable only for their faults, which in turn means that a director would not be held liable when they exercise the expected level of care of a prudent director in actions causing damage. The TCC requires directors to perform their duties with the duty of care expected of a prudent director and to act in good faith in the interest of the company, adhering to the principle of honesty. Accordingly, directors are not subject to strict liability for matters beyond their control or duty of care. This reflects the adoption of the business judgment rule in Turkish law, similar to its application in common law jurisdictions.
Additionally, the TCC incorporates the principle of joint and proportional liability, under which directors’ liability is assessed based on their respective levels of fault and executive / representative authorities. A director’s liability varies according to the scope of their executive powers and representative authority and degree of fault, and it is not considered joint and several liability. Under this principle, each director is held accountable only to the extent of their fault in contributing to the damage, alongside other responsible parties.