Spain – Purchase of a business unit and tax liability

16 Ottobre 2018

  • Spagna
  • Diritto societario
  • M&A

The procedure to incorporate a foreign owned company in Spain is, in principle, easy and straight forward, however it is necessary to take into account certain new requirements derived from the tax and the anti-money laundering regulations, which could cause long delays in the incorporation process, even to EU and US companies, if they are not well advised and managed from the beginning of the procedure.

The first step consist in collecting information about the foreign shareholder, in order to be able to prove its legal existence and activities: the foreign shareholder(s) will have to grant before a Notary Public in its country of residence a power of attorney authorising somebody in Spain to obtain its tax identification number (“NIE”), and also represent it before the Spanish notary when signing the deed of incorporation. In case the foreign shareholder is an individual person, the NIE should be applied for before the Spanish police or the Spanish Consulate at the country where the investor lives.

If the shareholder is a corporation, apart from the Power of Attorney, it will have to obtain a certificate from its Companies’ Registry or Chamber of Commerce, stating its legal existence and main characteristics. This document is called “good standing certificate” (in the UK and US), “K-bis” (in France), “KvK” (in the Netherlands) or “visura” (in Italy). These two documents, the Power of Attorney mentioned in the above paragraph and the certificate from the Companies’ Registry, will have to be Apostilled or legalized by the correspondent Ministry, and Sworn translated into Spanish. Please note that we use to draft bilingual powers of attorney in order to avoid its sworn translation.

The foreign shareholder will have to prove that its income is obtained from legal activities in order to be able to open a bank account in the name of the new company. The main document to prove this could be the Corporate or the Personal Income Tax return filed in its country of residence, but there could be other means, especially in case of individual persons.

In case of a corporate shareholder, it will be necessary as well to declare, in principle through a public deed granted in Spain, who are the individual persons who, directly or through other companies, will hold more than a 25% interest in the new company to be incorporated. In case nobody holds more than a 25% (i.e. because there are 5 individual shareholders, holding each of them a 20%), it is declared that the effective control of the new company corresponds to its director.

At this stage, it is also necessary to mention that the person(s) who will be the director(s) of the new company, in case they are foreigners, will also need to obtain their personal “NIE”. The NIE should be applied for before the Spanish police (this could be done by a proxy duly authorised though a Power of Attorney granted by the foreign director) or before the Spanish Consulate nearest to the city where the investor lives. In order to be a director of a Spanish company it is not necessary to be a shareholder, nor to have residence and work permit in Spain (provided the foreign director does not live in Spain).

Meanwhile the necessary documents (Powers of Attorney, Companies’ Registry certificate, etc.) are being prepared by the foreign shareholder, the lawyer in Spain will apply for the new company’s name. It is advisable to point out that generic or usual names are not available quite often, therefore it is necessary to think in original names. Three different names could be applied for simultaneously.

The drafting of the company’s Articles of Association or By Laws could be very quick, except if the company is going to have several shareholders and they wish specific clauses. In this case, it is also advisable to draft a Shareholders Agreement. The Shareholders’ Agreement could just contain some basic rules on dedication, compensation, non-competition, etc. and some more sophisticated rules on the sale of shares (tag along and drag along rights). As regards the By-Laws, they should mention the company’s name, its activity or activities, address in Spain –which cannot be just a P.O. Box-, share capital, number of shares and its face value, and starting date for the fiscal year, among other standard clauses.

The management of the company could be organized through a sole director, two directors who could act jointly or separately, and in case there are more than three directors, they should organize themselves through a Board of Directors, being usual in this case to appoint a C.E.O. In order to be a director it is not necessary to be a shareholder. Under Spanish laws, the director(s) could be held liable for some company’s debts under certain circumstances which are legally defined. For this reason, it is necessary that the directors formally accept their appointment (personally appearing before the Notary or through a Power of Attorney).

Before the incorporation, it will be necessary that either the new company’s director (the person to be appointed) or the representative of the corporate shareholder appears personally before the bank where the company will have its first bank account and signs the correspondent documents (KYC regulation). Once the bank account is opened, the shareholder will have to send a bank transfer for the new company’s share capital. In Spain, the minimum share capital for a limited company (S.L.) is Euros 3.000, while for a “Sociedad Anónima” (S.A.) it is Euros 60.000, but only 25% should be paid off at the incorporation moment. It is interesting to note that contributions to the share capital could be made in cash – which is the most common operation, especially at the incorporation – or in kind, with any type of assets: real estate, machinery, goods, trademarks, etc. The money for the share capital should be sent to the new company’s bank account from an account owned by the shareholder (or from each account owned by each shareholder, should they be several ones), not by any other different person. Once the Spanish bank receives the transfer, it will issue a certificate, which is necessary in order to incorporate the company.

Once all the documents are ready, it is possible within very few days (almost immediately) to make the appointment with the Notary and sign the public deed of incorporation. This can be done at any notary in Spain, not being necessary that the notary practises at the same city where the company will have its corporate address. In order to summarize, the list of the necessary documents is:

  • Power(s) of Attorney granted by the foreign shareholder(s), apostilled and sworn translated.
  • Certificate regarding the legal existence of the foreign shareholder (only if it is a corporation), apostilled and sworn translated.
  • Statement on who are the last individual shareholders holding more than 25% interest in the new company, directly or indirectly (only in case of corporate shareholders).
  • NIE of the foreign shareholder(s).
  • NIE of the new company’s director(s), should they be a foreigners.
  • Certificate for the new company’s name.
  • Articles of Association.
  • Bank certificate regarding the contribution to the new company’s share capital.

The deed of incorporation is signed by the proxy (or the individual shareholder(s), should they prefer to personally appear before the notary) before the chosen public notary, being also necessary to sign an official form to report the foreign investment to a public registry depending on the Spanish Ministry of Finance.

Once the deed of incorporation is signed, the next steps consist in applying before the tax authorities to obtain the new company’s tax number (NIF / CIF) and filing the deed of incorporation before the Companies’ Registry. Some banks do allow new companies to operate once they have the NIF (which could be 2-3 days after the incorporation), while others request to wait until the deed of incorporation is filed at the Companies’ Registry (2-3 weeks).

An estimation of the necessary time to complete all the procedure is 30-45 days, but of course the main delay is related to speed of the foreign investor in obtaining the necessary documents.

Please note that if you wish to incorporate a foreign owned company in Spain it is always necessary to seek specific professional advice, as each case is different and regulations and the application of such regulations vary from time to time. The above article just explains the main steps and requirements for the incorporation of a company.

In all M&A operations one of the issues that deserves special attention as regards its analysis, ascertainment and negotiation is the tax liabilities. Even though the parties could agree on the amount of such contingencies, to negotiate the possible guarantees that the seller should grant in order to protect the buyer from a possible claim by the tax authorities, the term during which the guarantees should be in force, and to agree on the communication mechanisms between the parties (buyer and seller) and the legal defense strategies if such claim from the tax authorities arises, requires substantial negotiation efforts.

When the acquisition operation is formalized not through the purchase of shares, but through the purchase of the assets that form a business unit, the Spanish General Tax Law (“Ley General Tributaria” or “LGT”) provides a mechanism which implies an exception to the general principle provided by article 42 of the same law. Article 42 of LGT establishes the joint liability of the purchaser of a business unit for the tax liabilities of the selling company (“tax liability derived from company’s succession”). That is, in principle, according to article 42 of the LGT “the persons or entities that continue by any mean in the ownership or exercise of economic activities (the buyers) will be jointly liable with the previous owner for the tax liabilities derived from the exercise of such economic activities incurred by such previous owner”.

However, the joint tax liability of the buyer could be limited through the application before the tax authorities of the tax certificate regulated by article 175.2 of the LGT. This certificate should be applied for by the prospective buyer, with the authorization of the present owner (the seller), and, once issued, the tax liability of the buyer becomes limited to the debts, penalties and liabilities mentioned in the certificate. If the certificate is issued without mentioning any amount, or if the tax authorities do not issue it within a three months term from the application’s date, the applicant (the buyer) will be released from any tax liability derived from company’s succession.

The tax certificate for succession purposes includes the main taxes, as Value Added Tax and Corporate Income Tax, and can include as well debts derived from the withholding taxes on employees’ payroll, which in case of companies with a big number of employees could be of an outstanding amount. However, the buyer’s joint liability for salaries, related payroll amounts and social security contributions cannot be limited by such certificate, and such liability will always be joint with the business unit seller’s liability.

The application for the tax certificate should be filed before the acquisition of the business unit is completed, even if the issuance of the certificate takes place later tan the closing date (but of course, it is wiser to not close the acquisition before having the certificate). The certificate’s validity lasts for one year, as regards periodical tax obligations (for example, Value Added Tax, Corporate Income Tax and withholding taxes on salaries) and for three months as regards non periodical tax obligations.

It is very important to apply for the right tax certificate (“certificate for succession purposes according to article 175.2 of LGT”), and to not make a mistake and apply, for example, for the certificate regarding having fulfilled all tax obligations (“certificado de estar al corriente de las obligaciones fiscales”). Case law is plenty of judgments where a buyer applied for the wrong certificate, which showed no liabilities, and later on such buyer has been sentenced to pay the tax liabilities incurred by the previous owner of the business unit.

When M&A transactions in Brazil are deemed not successful by the investor the main reason for underperformance is generally the existence of debts or fiscal/labor contingencies materialized higher than evaluated, or unexpected material adverse changes.

The reasons for overlooking the debts and fiscal/labor contingencies is often the rush to close the investment. Either for avoiding a competitor to acquire the target, or to keep the leading position of the market share, for certain cases, the buyers may have not paid proper attention to what their advisors had to say before closing the deal.

  1. Local legal advisors

The legal advisors may take, for the perception of the executives eager to complete an acquisition, a bit longer than expected to round up facts and properly report the risks found. The perception for this lower pace to reach out the conclusions may differ from the executives due to the delay of seller to provide documents or clarify questions raised.

Slowing down a bit to the benefit of certainty is a sound advice.

Experienced Brazilian advisors shall always be included among the teams. Their knowledge on facing subtle change of applicable laws, rules or predominant court decisions is certainly valuable for better understanding the status of the target and the ways to mitigate risks.

Certain facts may not seem at first as significant risk for first timers dealing with Brazilian matters. However, the advisors do have a reason to raise the point and should be properly heard. Examples such as absence of one single clear certificate issued by a government department or a missing report on disposal of solid residues, that may not seem a big issue, could turn into a risk of suspension of activities of a plant.

An audit company is usually hired to identify tax and labor contingencies, but the audit company does not evaluate nor assess the numbers, only the maximum exposure. The legal advisors are in charge of the risk assessment and determination of the estimate of the contingencies. It is up to the buyer to accept and negotiate the relevant coverage for such contingencies.

Seller may not give full details of all issues of the target at first. It is the role of the advisors to investigate, request further documents and clarification to bring matters that affect the business to buyer’s attention. In a good faith scenario, seller would be willing to discuss the matters, to avoid future disputes or frustrations to buyer.

  1. Debt

Charges, penalties, interests and other compensations in financial operations turns these contracts full of minor details and very complex in anywhere in the world. Brazilian contracts are not exception. That is the reason why a proper assessment of the financial operations and obtain the real picture of the debt and related costs.

As usual, attention to change of control provisions are also relevant to mitigate risks – absence of consent or non-compliance of the required steps prior to closing the operation can cause acceleration of the financial operation and trigger cross-default provisions in other contracts that can also lead to acceleration of the financial operations.

  1. Tax/labor contingencies

Calculation and estimate of tax contingencies are specific for each tax and requires knowledge and a sound judgment to estimate exposure and appoint measures to cover the risks. Same level of care applies to labor-related contingencies.

Tax and labor matters are usually the most relevant risks to be observed in a Brazilian target. Complexity of regulation and the amount of obligations to fulfill makes these points significant.

  1. Material adverse change

Material adverse change clauses – “MAC Clauses” – are contractual provisions to mitigate negative effects or a substantial change to the parties. These provisions are admitted in Brazilian law, in view the M&A transaction documents are executed in good faith and respecting the parties’ freedom to commit to certain obligations.

Needless to say, the MAC Clauses should contain crystal clear language, with objective description of the facts, well defined applicable time period, cause and consequences duly described for proper and easy execution. If not, determination of MAC Clause event shall end on a dispute.

In the absence of MAC Clauses, Brazilian Civil Code contemplates the ability to any party in a continuous contractual relation to seek for the termination of the contract, by virtue of extraordinary and unpredictable facts, in the event such party is affected with excessive onus and generates extreme advantage to another party. Determination whether the parties were subject to extraordinary and unpredictable facts would depend nevertheless on ruling by a judge or arbitrator, as provided in the acquisition documents.

  1. Guarantees and Indemnification

For avoidance of future problems, the buyer should obtain strong and prompt executable guarantees. The (a) ability to withhold payments, (b) deposit of part of the purchase price in escrow account with clear rules for withdrawing the escrow amount are most likely measures to ensure a prompt indemnification. From previous experiences, other guarantees like pledge of shares, personal guarantee, lien or even chattel mortgage over real property are harder to execute and indemnify the prejudiced party.

De minimis clauses (minimum amount for a party to be indemnified – if not reached, the prejudiced party is not going to receive any indemnification) or basket (limitation of indemnifiable amount) are additions to the provisions for guarantees also acceptable for Brazilian M&A transactions.

The experienced advisors will make a difference to assist on the drafting of these provisions and to reflect what the parties discussed and agreed on the table.

  1. Break-up Fees

A conscious buyer will certainly avoid the risk of incurring in heavy break-up fees, with proper assessment provided by competent advisors of what may happen until closing. Nevertheless, in certain cases, even after signing a binding document, it might make sense paying a break-up fee even if substantial rather than entering into a risky transaction.

Recent Brazilian M&A transactions have included break-up fees, applicable in case of the regulatory restrictions are too high or in case the buyer gives up the acquisition. The highest break-up fee known was included in an offer made by Paper Excellence (member of Asia Pulp and Paper, based in Indonesia) was BRL 4 billion (over USD 1 billion or around EUR 900 million). The deal was not closed as another bidder had better credit check (even proposing lower break-up fees).

In 2015, Ânima paid BRL 46 million (around USD 12.5 million or EUR 10.6 million) of break-up fees to Whitney do Brasil – education sector – for giving up the acquisition due to changes on students’ public financing rules. In 2018, Ultragaz paid BRL 280 million (around USD 75 million or EUR 64 million) in break-up fees to Liquigás, due to the veto by the Brazilian antitrust authority for the operation.

  1. Recommendations

In this regard, the recommendations to avoid the referred reasons for a not satisfactory failure in M&A transactions in Brazil are:

  • Rely on local advisors: make sure that local Brazilian experts are included in the advisory team – the proper Brazilian legal, accountancy, tax and business experts can provide you with the necessary and valuable information for the proper decision-making process;
  • Listen to what the local advisors have to say: some matters raised may not seem to harm the deal, but it is important to let your advisor give you the full explanation and the reasons why the advisor is concerned about the topic. The advisor has a reason to bring the matters to discussion;
  • On the buy-side, ensure the existence of proper guarantees – feasible and enforceable – for prompt reimbursement of the losses, instead of discussions or long disputes;
  • Be very attentive in the preparation and discussion of the indemnification, procedure for indemnifying a prejudiced party, accommodating the business negotiation and the coverage to the risks explained by the advisors;
  • MAC Clauses shall be clear, precise and objective; and
  • However hard may be, it might make sense paying a break-up fee instead of completing a risky transaction.

The author of this article is Paulo Yamaguchi

Chinese outbound M&A was one of the main topics of interest at the 2017 Hong Kong IFLR Forum on M&A in Asia, a great event with an outstanding level of speakers and very interesting discussions on various themes related to international investments.

All the attendants shared the view that momentum for Chinese overseas investments is still strong, despite the recent policy aiming at curbing the outflow of capitals from China.

A particularly interesting session was that on “best practices to overcome credibility and experience gaps increasingly faced by “off the radar” Chinese bidders”.

Opening a one-to-one negotiation or letting a Chinese company bid at an auction involves often great deal of uncertainty, as most participants to the session shared the experience of having seeing their Chinese counterpart walk away from the negotiation without any explanation (the so-called “Random Investors”).

I have scribbled down the take-aways of the discussion as follows.

Main clues to spot early on the Random investor:

  • the Company pops out from nowhere and has no track record of overseas investments;
  • the Company has no legal or financial advisors, or if they do, their advisors are not experienced in overseas transactions;
  • the Company has excellent advisors… but has not paid their fees (yes, that happens)
  • the target does not belong to the Company’s core business (and there is no explanation for their interest for the deal);

What should you do to be on the safe side?

  • request a written declaration of interest, expressing the reasons why the Company wants to invest in the target and what is their mid term strategy, signed and stamped by the legal representative (if they are not ready to hand over this letter the game can stop here).
  • If the Company represents a group of investors, require full disclosure and letters of confirmation from all parties, from day one (AC Milan’s case is a good example of what happens later on if there is no disclosure of all players, and their stakes in the deal);
  • request proof that the Company has filed the application for the authorisation to invest overseas (due to the recent tightening of controls on capital outflow, this step is fundamental);
  • request proof that they have the finance needed for the deal (either onshore or, better, off-shore);
  • make clear that you will require a “break fee” (which can vary from 5 to 10%) in case they walk away from the negotiation (we have heard of US companies expecting 30 to 50% break fee on the value of the deal…)

Mercedes Clavell

Aree di attività

  • Franchising
  • Immigrazione
  • Commercio internazionale
  • M&A
  • Real estate
Contatta Mercedes

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    Brazil – M&A checklist

    1 Agosto 2018

    • Brasile
    • M&A

    The procedure to incorporate a foreign owned company in Spain is, in principle, easy and straight forward, however it is necessary to take into account certain new requirements derived from the tax and the anti-money laundering regulations, which could cause long delays in the incorporation process, even to EU and US companies, if they are not well advised and managed from the beginning of the procedure.

    The first step consist in collecting information about the foreign shareholder, in order to be able to prove its legal existence and activities: the foreign shareholder(s) will have to grant before a Notary Public in its country of residence a power of attorney authorising somebody in Spain to obtain its tax identification number (“NIE”), and also represent it before the Spanish notary when signing the deed of incorporation. In case the foreign shareholder is an individual person, the NIE should be applied for before the Spanish police or the Spanish Consulate at the country where the investor lives.

    If the shareholder is a corporation, apart from the Power of Attorney, it will have to obtain a certificate from its Companies’ Registry or Chamber of Commerce, stating its legal existence and main characteristics. This document is called “good standing certificate” (in the UK and US), “K-bis” (in France), “KvK” (in the Netherlands) or “visura” (in Italy). These two documents, the Power of Attorney mentioned in the above paragraph and the certificate from the Companies’ Registry, will have to be Apostilled or legalized by the correspondent Ministry, and Sworn translated into Spanish. Please note that we use to draft bilingual powers of attorney in order to avoid its sworn translation.

    The foreign shareholder will have to prove that its income is obtained from legal activities in order to be able to open a bank account in the name of the new company. The main document to prove this could be the Corporate or the Personal Income Tax return filed in its country of residence, but there could be other means, especially in case of individual persons.

    In case of a corporate shareholder, it will be necessary as well to declare, in principle through a public deed granted in Spain, who are the individual persons who, directly or through other companies, will hold more than a 25% interest in the new company to be incorporated. In case nobody holds more than a 25% (i.e. because there are 5 individual shareholders, holding each of them a 20%), it is declared that the effective control of the new company corresponds to its director.

    At this stage, it is also necessary to mention that the person(s) who will be the director(s) of the new company, in case they are foreigners, will also need to obtain their personal “NIE”. The NIE should be applied for before the Spanish police (this could be done by a proxy duly authorised though a Power of Attorney granted by the foreign director) or before the Spanish Consulate nearest to the city where the investor lives. In order to be a director of a Spanish company it is not necessary to be a shareholder, nor to have residence and work permit in Spain (provided the foreign director does not live in Spain).

    Meanwhile the necessary documents (Powers of Attorney, Companies’ Registry certificate, etc.) are being prepared by the foreign shareholder, the lawyer in Spain will apply for the new company’s name. It is advisable to point out that generic or usual names are not available quite often, therefore it is necessary to think in original names. Three different names could be applied for simultaneously.

    The drafting of the company’s Articles of Association or By Laws could be very quick, except if the company is going to have several shareholders and they wish specific clauses. In this case, it is also advisable to draft a Shareholders Agreement. The Shareholders’ Agreement could just contain some basic rules on dedication, compensation, non-competition, etc. and some more sophisticated rules on the sale of shares (tag along and drag along rights). As regards the By-Laws, they should mention the company’s name, its activity or activities, address in Spain –which cannot be just a P.O. Box-, share capital, number of shares and its face value, and starting date for the fiscal year, among other standard clauses.

    The management of the company could be organized through a sole director, two directors who could act jointly or separately, and in case there are more than three directors, they should organize themselves through a Board of Directors, being usual in this case to appoint a C.E.O. In order to be a director it is not necessary to be a shareholder. Under Spanish laws, the director(s) could be held liable for some company’s debts under certain circumstances which are legally defined. For this reason, it is necessary that the directors formally accept their appointment (personally appearing before the Notary or through a Power of Attorney).

    Before the incorporation, it will be necessary that either the new company’s director (the person to be appointed) or the representative of the corporate shareholder appears personally before the bank where the company will have its first bank account and signs the correspondent documents (KYC regulation). Once the bank account is opened, the shareholder will have to send a bank transfer for the new company’s share capital. In Spain, the minimum share capital for a limited company (S.L.) is Euros 3.000, while for a “Sociedad Anónima” (S.A.) it is Euros 60.000, but only 25% should be paid off at the incorporation moment. It is interesting to note that contributions to the share capital could be made in cash – which is the most common operation, especially at the incorporation – or in kind, with any type of assets: real estate, machinery, goods, trademarks, etc. The money for the share capital should be sent to the new company’s bank account from an account owned by the shareholder (or from each account owned by each shareholder, should they be several ones), not by any other different person. Once the Spanish bank receives the transfer, it will issue a certificate, which is necessary in order to incorporate the company.

    Once all the documents are ready, it is possible within very few days (almost immediately) to make the appointment with the Notary and sign the public deed of incorporation. This can be done at any notary in Spain, not being necessary that the notary practises at the same city where the company will have its corporate address. In order to summarize, the list of the necessary documents is:

    • Power(s) of Attorney granted by the foreign shareholder(s), apostilled and sworn translated.
    • Certificate regarding the legal existence of the foreign shareholder (only if it is a corporation), apostilled and sworn translated.
    • Statement on who are the last individual shareholders holding more than 25% interest in the new company, directly or indirectly (only in case of corporate shareholders).
    • NIE of the foreign shareholder(s).
    • NIE of the new company’s director(s), should they be a foreigners.
    • Certificate for the new company’s name.
    • Articles of Association.
    • Bank certificate regarding the contribution to the new company’s share capital.

    The deed of incorporation is signed by the proxy (or the individual shareholder(s), should they prefer to personally appear before the notary) before the chosen public notary, being also necessary to sign an official form to report the foreign investment to a public registry depending on the Spanish Ministry of Finance.

    Once the deed of incorporation is signed, the next steps consist in applying before the tax authorities to obtain the new company’s tax number (NIF / CIF) and filing the deed of incorporation before the Companies’ Registry. Some banks do allow new companies to operate once they have the NIF (which could be 2-3 days after the incorporation), while others request to wait until the deed of incorporation is filed at the Companies’ Registry (2-3 weeks).

    An estimation of the necessary time to complete all the procedure is 30-45 days, but of course the main delay is related to speed of the foreign investor in obtaining the necessary documents.

    Please note that if you wish to incorporate a foreign owned company in Spain it is always necessary to seek specific professional advice, as each case is different and regulations and the application of such regulations vary from time to time. The above article just explains the main steps and requirements for the incorporation of a company.

    In all M&A operations one of the issues that deserves special attention as regards its analysis, ascertainment and negotiation is the tax liabilities. Even though the parties could agree on the amount of such contingencies, to negotiate the possible guarantees that the seller should grant in order to protect the buyer from a possible claim by the tax authorities, the term during which the guarantees should be in force, and to agree on the communication mechanisms between the parties (buyer and seller) and the legal defense strategies if such claim from the tax authorities arises, requires substantial negotiation efforts.

    When the acquisition operation is formalized not through the purchase of shares, but through the purchase of the assets that form a business unit, the Spanish General Tax Law (“Ley General Tributaria” or “LGT”) provides a mechanism which implies an exception to the general principle provided by article 42 of the same law. Article 42 of LGT establishes the joint liability of the purchaser of a business unit for the tax liabilities of the selling company (“tax liability derived from company’s succession”). That is, in principle, according to article 42 of the LGT “the persons or entities that continue by any mean in the ownership or exercise of economic activities (the buyers) will be jointly liable with the previous owner for the tax liabilities derived from the exercise of such economic activities incurred by such previous owner”.

    However, the joint tax liability of the buyer could be limited through the application before the tax authorities of the tax certificate regulated by article 175.2 of the LGT. This certificate should be applied for by the prospective buyer, with the authorization of the present owner (the seller), and, once issued, the tax liability of the buyer becomes limited to the debts, penalties and liabilities mentioned in the certificate. If the certificate is issued without mentioning any amount, or if the tax authorities do not issue it within a three months term from the application’s date, the applicant (the buyer) will be released from any tax liability derived from company’s succession.

    The tax certificate for succession purposes includes the main taxes, as Value Added Tax and Corporate Income Tax, and can include as well debts derived from the withholding taxes on employees’ payroll, which in case of companies with a big number of employees could be of an outstanding amount. However, the buyer’s joint liability for salaries, related payroll amounts and social security contributions cannot be limited by such certificate, and such liability will always be joint with the business unit seller’s liability.

    The application for the tax certificate should be filed before the acquisition of the business unit is completed, even if the issuance of the certificate takes place later tan the closing date (but of course, it is wiser to not close the acquisition before having the certificate). The certificate’s validity lasts for one year, as regards periodical tax obligations (for example, Value Added Tax, Corporate Income Tax and withholding taxes on salaries) and for three months as regards non periodical tax obligations.

    It is very important to apply for the right tax certificate (“certificate for succession purposes according to article 175.2 of LGT”), and to not make a mistake and apply, for example, for the certificate regarding having fulfilled all tax obligations (“certificado de estar al corriente de las obligaciones fiscales”). Case law is plenty of judgments where a buyer applied for the wrong certificate, which showed no liabilities, and later on such buyer has been sentenced to pay the tax liabilities incurred by the previous owner of the business unit.

    When M&A transactions in Brazil are deemed not successful by the investor the main reason for underperformance is generally the existence of debts or fiscal/labor contingencies materialized higher than evaluated, or unexpected material adverse changes.

    The reasons for overlooking the debts and fiscal/labor contingencies is often the rush to close the investment. Either for avoiding a competitor to acquire the target, or to keep the leading position of the market share, for certain cases, the buyers may have not paid proper attention to what their advisors had to say before closing the deal.

    1. Local legal advisors

    The legal advisors may take, for the perception of the executives eager to complete an acquisition, a bit longer than expected to round up facts and properly report the risks found. The perception for this lower pace to reach out the conclusions may differ from the executives due to the delay of seller to provide documents or clarify questions raised.

    Slowing down a bit to the benefit of certainty is a sound advice.

    Experienced Brazilian advisors shall always be included among the teams. Their knowledge on facing subtle change of applicable laws, rules or predominant court decisions is certainly valuable for better understanding the status of the target and the ways to mitigate risks.

    Certain facts may not seem at first as significant risk for first timers dealing with Brazilian matters. However, the advisors do have a reason to raise the point and should be properly heard. Examples such as absence of one single clear certificate issued by a government department or a missing report on disposal of solid residues, that may not seem a big issue, could turn into a risk of suspension of activities of a plant.

    An audit company is usually hired to identify tax and labor contingencies, but the audit company does not evaluate nor assess the numbers, only the maximum exposure. The legal advisors are in charge of the risk assessment and determination of the estimate of the contingencies. It is up to the buyer to accept and negotiate the relevant coverage for such contingencies.

    Seller may not give full details of all issues of the target at first. It is the role of the advisors to investigate, request further documents and clarification to bring matters that affect the business to buyer’s attention. In a good faith scenario, seller would be willing to discuss the matters, to avoid future disputes or frustrations to buyer.

    1. Debt

    Charges, penalties, interests and other compensations in financial operations turns these contracts full of minor details and very complex in anywhere in the world. Brazilian contracts are not exception. That is the reason why a proper assessment of the financial operations and obtain the real picture of the debt and related costs.

    As usual, attention to change of control provisions are also relevant to mitigate risks – absence of consent or non-compliance of the required steps prior to closing the operation can cause acceleration of the financial operation and trigger cross-default provisions in other contracts that can also lead to acceleration of the financial operations.

    1. Tax/labor contingencies

    Calculation and estimate of tax contingencies are specific for each tax and requires knowledge and a sound judgment to estimate exposure and appoint measures to cover the risks. Same level of care applies to labor-related contingencies.

    Tax and labor matters are usually the most relevant risks to be observed in a Brazilian target. Complexity of regulation and the amount of obligations to fulfill makes these points significant.

    1. Material adverse change

    Material adverse change clauses – “MAC Clauses” – are contractual provisions to mitigate negative effects or a substantial change to the parties. These provisions are admitted in Brazilian law, in view the M&A transaction documents are executed in good faith and respecting the parties’ freedom to commit to certain obligations.

    Needless to say, the MAC Clauses should contain crystal clear language, with objective description of the facts, well defined applicable time period, cause and consequences duly described for proper and easy execution. If not, determination of MAC Clause event shall end on a dispute.

    In the absence of MAC Clauses, Brazilian Civil Code contemplates the ability to any party in a continuous contractual relation to seek for the termination of the contract, by virtue of extraordinary and unpredictable facts, in the event such party is affected with excessive onus and generates extreme advantage to another party. Determination whether the parties were subject to extraordinary and unpredictable facts would depend nevertheless on ruling by a judge or arbitrator, as provided in the acquisition documents.

    1. Guarantees and Indemnification

    For avoidance of future problems, the buyer should obtain strong and prompt executable guarantees. The (a) ability to withhold payments, (b) deposit of part of the purchase price in escrow account with clear rules for withdrawing the escrow amount are most likely measures to ensure a prompt indemnification. From previous experiences, other guarantees like pledge of shares, personal guarantee, lien or even chattel mortgage over real property are harder to execute and indemnify the prejudiced party.

    De minimis clauses (minimum amount for a party to be indemnified – if not reached, the prejudiced party is not going to receive any indemnification) or basket (limitation of indemnifiable amount) are additions to the provisions for guarantees also acceptable for Brazilian M&A transactions.

    The experienced advisors will make a difference to assist on the drafting of these provisions and to reflect what the parties discussed and agreed on the table.

    1. Break-up Fees

    A conscious buyer will certainly avoid the risk of incurring in heavy break-up fees, with proper assessment provided by competent advisors of what may happen until closing. Nevertheless, in certain cases, even after signing a binding document, it might make sense paying a break-up fee even if substantial rather than entering into a risky transaction.

    Recent Brazilian M&A transactions have included break-up fees, applicable in case of the regulatory restrictions are too high or in case the buyer gives up the acquisition. The highest break-up fee known was included in an offer made by Paper Excellence (member of Asia Pulp and Paper, based in Indonesia) was BRL 4 billion (over USD 1 billion or around EUR 900 million). The deal was not closed as another bidder had better credit check (even proposing lower break-up fees).

    In 2015, Ânima paid BRL 46 million (around USD 12.5 million or EUR 10.6 million) of break-up fees to Whitney do Brasil – education sector – for giving up the acquisition due to changes on students’ public financing rules. In 2018, Ultragaz paid BRL 280 million (around USD 75 million or EUR 64 million) in break-up fees to Liquigás, due to the veto by the Brazilian antitrust authority for the operation.

    1. Recommendations

    In this regard, the recommendations to avoid the referred reasons for a not satisfactory failure in M&A transactions in Brazil are:

    • Rely on local advisors: make sure that local Brazilian experts are included in the advisory team – the proper Brazilian legal, accountancy, tax and business experts can provide you with the necessary and valuable information for the proper decision-making process;
    • Listen to what the local advisors have to say: some matters raised may not seem to harm the deal, but it is important to let your advisor give you the full explanation and the reasons why the advisor is concerned about the topic. The advisor has a reason to bring the matters to discussion;
    • On the buy-side, ensure the existence of proper guarantees – feasible and enforceable – for prompt reimbursement of the losses, instead of discussions or long disputes;
    • Be very attentive in the preparation and discussion of the indemnification, procedure for indemnifying a prejudiced party, accommodating the business negotiation and the coverage to the risks explained by the advisors;
    • MAC Clauses shall be clear, precise and objective; and
    • However hard may be, it might make sense paying a break-up fee instead of completing a risky transaction.

    The author of this article is Paulo Yamaguchi

    Chinese outbound M&A was one of the main topics of interest at the 2017 Hong Kong IFLR Forum on M&A in Asia, a great event with an outstanding level of speakers and very interesting discussions on various themes related to international investments.

    All the attendants shared the view that momentum for Chinese overseas investments is still strong, despite the recent policy aiming at curbing the outflow of capitals from China.

    A particularly interesting session was that on “best practices to overcome credibility and experience gaps increasingly faced by “off the radar” Chinese bidders”.

    Opening a one-to-one negotiation or letting a Chinese company bid at an auction involves often great deal of uncertainty, as most participants to the session shared the experience of having seeing their Chinese counterpart walk away from the negotiation without any explanation (the so-called “Random Investors”).

    I have scribbled down the take-aways of the discussion as follows.

    Main clues to spot early on the Random investor:

    • the Company pops out from nowhere and has no track record of overseas investments;
    • the Company has no legal or financial advisors, or if they do, their advisors are not experienced in overseas transactions;
    • the Company has excellent advisors… but has not paid their fees (yes, that happens)
    • the target does not belong to the Company’s core business (and there is no explanation for their interest for the deal);

    What should you do to be on the safe side?

    • request a written declaration of interest, expressing the reasons why the Company wants to invest in the target and what is their mid term strategy, signed and stamped by the legal representative (if they are not ready to hand over this letter the game can stop here).
    • If the Company represents a group of investors, require full disclosure and letters of confirmation from all parties, from day one (AC Milan’s case is a good example of what happens later on if there is no disclosure of all players, and their stakes in the deal);
    • request proof that the Company has filed the application for the authorisation to invest overseas (due to the recent tightening of controls on capital outflow, this step is fundamental);
    • request proof that they have the finance needed for the deal (either onshore or, better, off-shore);
    • make clear that you will require a “break fee” (which can vary from 5 to 10%) in case they walk away from the negotiation (we have heard of US companies expecting 30 to 50% break fee on the value of the deal…)